The Three Types of Rescues in Confined Spaces

Confined spaces such as manholes, tanks, and silos present some of the most dangerous working environments in construction and maintenance. Hazards like toxic gases, oxygen depletion, flooding, and structural instability mean that emergencies can escalate in seconds. For this reason, rescue planning is not optional — it is a legal requirement and a life-saving necessity.

Why Rescue Procedures Matter

When a worker inside a confined space collapses, there is no time to improvise. Attempting a rescue without proper preparation can quickly turn one casualty into several. In fact, studies show that many confined space fatalities involve would-be rescuers who entered without adequate protection. To prevent this, every site must have a rescue plan in place before work begins, supported by trained personnel and the right equipment.

The Three Types of Rescue

1. Self-Rescue – The First Line of Defence

Self-rescue is the fastest and safest option. If a worker recognises early warning signs; such as a gas detector alarm, dizziness, or shortness of breath; they must immediately leave the confined space. This method relies on training, awareness, and clear access routes. When self-rescue is successful, no additional workers are exposed to danger.

Example: A worker inside a manhole hears the gas detector alarm and climbs out immediately using the ladder.

2. Non-Entry Rescue – External Recovery

If a worker is unable to exit on their own, non-entry rescue is the next step. This method allows rescuers to extract the worker without entering the confined space themselves. It requires pre-entry setup, including a full-body harness connected to a retrieval line and equipment such as a tripod and winch. By using these systems, attendants outside can safely lift an unresponsive worker out without risking exposure.

Example: A worker collapses due to toxic gases. The standby attendant uses the retrieval winch to pull them out without entering the manhole.

3. Entry Rescue – The Last Resort

Entry rescue is the most dangerous procedure, only used when self-rescue and non-entry rescue are not possible. Trained rescue teams equipped with self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), lifelines, and continuous atmospheric monitoring must enter the confined space to recover the worker. This method requires backup support, strict communication, and immediate medical readiness.

Example: A worker in a storage tank collapses, and a trained confined space rescue team enters with SCBA to extract them.

Key Steps in Any Rescue

• Stop work immediately and alert all personnel.
• Ventilate the confined space more aggressively to improve conditions.
• Use retrieval systems first before considering entry.
• Never enter without PPE and backup.
• Provide first aid or CPR as soon as the worker is recovered.
• Call emergency services and record the incident for investigation.

Every confined space job must start with the assumption that a rescue may be needed. By planning for self-rescue, ensuring non-entry systems are in place, and keeping a trained rescue team on standby, employers can protect their workers from becoming statistics. The golden rule is simple: no rescue is worth a second life. With preparation, training, and discipline, confined space rescues can be executed safely and effectively.